Phonological fluency norms for Spanish middle-aged and older adults provided by the SCAND initiative (P, M, & R).

OBJECTIVE: Verbal fluency tests are quick and easy to administer neuropsychological measures and are regularly used in neuropsychological assessment. Additionally, phonological fluency is a widely used paradigm that is sensitive to cognitive impairment. This paper offers normative data of phonological verbal fluency (letters P, M, R) for Spanish middle- and older-aged adults, considering sociodemographic factors, and different measures such as the total number of words, errors (perseveration and intrusions), and 15 sec-segmented scores. METHOD: A total of 1165 cognitively unimpaired participants aged between 50 and 89 years old, participated in the study. Data for P were obtained for all participants. Letters M and R were also administered to a subsample of participants (852) aged 60 to 89 years. In addition, errors and words produced every 15 seconds were collected in the subsample. To verify the effect of sociodemographic variables, linear regression was used. Adjustments were calculated for variables that explained at least 5% of the variance (R2 ≥ .05). RESULTS: Means and standard deviations by age, scaled scores, and percentiles for all tests across different measures are shown. No determination coefficients equal to or greater than .05 were found for sex or age. The need to establish adjustments for the educational level was only found in some of the measures. CONCLUSIONS: The current norms provide clinically useful data to evaluate Spanish-speaking natives from Spain aged from 50 to 89 years. Specific patterns of cognitive impairment can be analyzed using these normative data and may be important in neuropsychological assessment.

A comparison of ICD-11 and DSM-5 criteria of PTSD among Chinese trauma-exposed adolescent samples.

This study aimed at comparing the prevalence and comorbidity differences of PTSD according to ICD-11 and DSM-5 definitions across two Chinese adolescent trauma-exposed samples. A total of 1,201 students exposed to earthquake and 559 students from vocational schools exposed to potentially traumatic events were included in this study. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 was used to measure PTSD symptoms. The MDD and GAD subscales of the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale were used to measure major depression disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms. No significant PTSD prevalence differences between ICD-11 and DSM-5 were found across the two samples. The differences regarding comorbidities between ICD-11 and DSM-5 definitions were not significant among these two samples. The results revealed that the ICD-11 and DSM-5 provided similar prevalence of PTSD and comorbidity rates with MDD and GAD in Chinese trauma-exposed adolescent samples. This study contributes to the current understanding of the similarities and differences using different PTSD criteria and informs the organization and application of these two globally applied PTSD criteria.

Sense of coherence, resilience, and habitual optimism in cancer patients

Background/Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the three resource variables sense of coherence, resilience, and dispositional optimism become impaired when people are ill with cancer, whether there are sex and age differences in these variables, and how these variables are associated with quality of life (QoL). Method: A sample of 1108 patients with mixed cancer diagnoses were examined using the Sense of Coherence Scale-3 (SOC-3), the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), and the QoL questionnaire EORTC QLQ-C30. Results: The three resource variables showed somewhat lower levels in the patients’ sample in comparison with general population controls, with effect sizes between −0.10 and −0.23. While there were only small sex differences in the resource variables, significant age differences were found in these variables, with stronger detriments in younger patients. The correlations among the resource variables ranged between .53 and .61. Sense of coherence was more strongly correlated with QoL than resilience and optimism. Conclusions: Cancer patients with low levels of personal resources adapt to their disease more poorly than patients with high levels. In addition to limitations in QoL, health care professionals should also consider patients’ resources for coping with the disease. Special attention should be given to young cancer patients. (AU)

Sense of coherence, resilience, and habitual optimism in cancer patients.

Background/Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the three resource variables sense of coherence, resilience, and dispositional optimism become impaired when people are ill with cancer, whether there are sex and age differences in these variables, and how these variables are associated with quality of life (QoL). Method: A sample of 1108 patients with mixed cancer diagnoses were examined using the Sense of Coherence Scale-3 (SOC-3), the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), and the QoL questionnaire EORTC QLQ-C30. Results: The three resource variables showed somewhat lower levels in the patients' sample in comparison with general population controls, with effect sizes between -0.10 and -0.23. While there were only small sex differences in the resource variables, significant age differences were found in these variables, with stronger detriments in younger patients. The correlations among the resource variables ranged between .53 and .61. Sense of coherence was more strongly correlated with QoL than resilience and optimism. Conclusions: Cancer patients with low levels of personal resources adapt to their disease more poorly than patients with high levels. In addition to limitations in QoL, health care professionals should also consider patients' resources for coping with the disease. Special attention should be given to young cancer patients.

A multidimensional approach to the resilience in older adults despite COVID-19.

Researchers have mainly focused on aging risk factors and COVID-19 consequences. However, older adults have proved their ability to overcome adversities along their life. Resilience is a protective variable that dampens the impact of stress. Based on MacLeod's et al. (2016) approach, we aimed to analyze the relationship between older adults' resilience and COVID-19 related-stressors as well as their physical, mental, and social characteristics. Eight hundred eighty-nine people aged 60 and over participated in this study. Older participants, women, having better perceived health and not losing a loved one because of the virus were associated with more resilience. Moreover, higher levels of gratitude, personal growth, life purpose and lower levels of depression were associated with greater scores in resilience. This study offers a change of perspective in which aging is perceived from a positive viewpoint by focusing on easily accessible resources that may help older adults to cope with adverse situations.

Experiences, concerns, and needs of pregnant and postpartum women during the Covid-19 pandemic in Cyprus: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The current COVID-19 pandemic is a unique stressor with potentially challenging and negative consequences on the experiences of pregnant and postpartum women. International literature highlights the pandemic's negative impact on women's perinatal experiences. This is the first study in the scientific literature reporting on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, on the perinatal experiences of a large sample of women living in Cyprus. AIM: To examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the experiences, concerns and needs of pregnant and postpartum women in Cyprus. METHOD: The cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2020 to January 2021. A total of 695 women, 355 pregnant and 340 postpartum women (with infants up to 6 months of age), residing in Cyprus were surveyed. RESULTS: The great majority of the participants (80.9%) perceived the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their life as negative. The greatest sources of stress were identified and quantified for their impact on the participants. Our findings indicate that 74.1% of the pregnant women were concerned about changes due to COVID-19 measures impacting the presence of their family at the time of delivery, 57.2% about their newborn's health, and 43.1% about changes related to perinatal care. Postpartum women's concerns were mainly related to the welfare and health of their child (70.3%), whilst half of them (49.1%) expressed concerns about how they were going to care for their baby because of pandemic-related changes. Qualitative data revealed emerging themes as the basis of the pregnant and postpartum women's concerns and needs. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated imposed measures and restrictions had adverse effects on pregnant and postpartum women's perinatal experiences in Cyprus. The women's concerns emphasized the need for the development of specialized, evidenced-based support systems which are essential particularly in pandemic-like situations, when pregnant and postpartum women are more vulnerable to isolation.

Psychiatric symptoms in COVID-19-positive individuals in the general population: Trajectories of depression, anxiety, and insomnia.

The present study investigates differences in the trajectories of anxiety, depression, and sleep problems among infected versus non-infected case-controlled individuals. Patients who tested positive for COVID-19 were selected from a representative sample in Norway (N > 10,000). In total, 126 of these individuals were infected during the project period, and this group was analyzed at T5 (May 2021). Of these positive cases, those who had completed both PHQ-9 and GAD-7 at all three measurement points were selected for longitudinal analysis using multilevel modeling. There was a significant difference at T5 between those who had tested positive for COVID-19 and matched controls. Anxiety and depression were reduced among those who tested positive, but there were no differences in trajectory when compared to matched controls. Limitations include the use of self-report measures and the assessment of symptoms at a time when strict virus mitigation protocols were in place. The present findings indicate that individuals who test positive for COVID-19 exhibit higher levels of depressive symptoms after restrictions are lifted. However, comparison of anxiety and depression symptom trajectories with matched controls reveals that both groups exhibited stable or slightly decreased symptoms.

Profile of the Victimized Aggressors in Child-to-Parent Violence: Differences According to the Type of Victimization.

Background/Objective: One of the main predictors of child-to-parent violence (CPV) is childhood victimization. Recent research indicates the need to study different types of CPV aggressors. However, the distinctive characteristics of the profile of the victimized aggressor and whether these characteristics differ according to the type of victimization have not been yet analyzed. Were examined differences between four types of CPV aggressors: with family victimization, with school victimization, with polyvictimization, and without victimization experiences. Method: A total of 1,559 Spanish adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years participated. Results: Compared to nonvictimized aggressors, victimized aggressors generally exercise more reactive and instrumental CPV and show more insecure parental attachment and less emotional and coping competencies. Additionally, among the types of victimization, polyvictimized aggressors show worse adjustment compared to those with a unique type of victimization. There are also significant differences according to the gender of the aggressor; however, the interaction effect between the type of aggressor and gender is not significant. Conclusions: Considering the profile of the victimized aggressor and the type of victimization experienced in CPV can provide valuable empirical information for the approach of differential explanatory mechanisms and for the design of prevention and intervention strategies adapted to the needs of this profile.

Antecedentes/Objetivo: Uno de los principales predictores de la violencia filio-parental (VFP) es la victimización infantil. Investigaciones recientes señalan la necesidad de estudiar diferentes tipos de agresores en la VFP. Sin embargo, todavía no se han analizado las características distintivas del perfil del agresor victimizado y si estas características también difieren según el tipo de victimización. Se examinaron diferencias entre cuatro tipos de agresores de VFP: con victimización familiar, con victimización escolar, con polivictimización y sin experiencias de victimización. Método: Participaron 1.559 adolescentes españoles con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 18 años. Resultados: El agresor victimizado, respecto al no victimizado, ejerce más VFP reactiva e instrumental, muestra un apego parental más inseguro y menos habilidades emocionales y de afrontamiento. Por tipos de victimización, los agresores polivictimizados muestran peor ajuste respecto a aquellos con un único tipo de victimización. Se encuentran diferencias significativas según el género de los agresores, sin embargo, el efecto de interacción entre el tipo de agresor y el género no fue significativo. Conclusiones: Considerar en la VFP el perfil del agresor victimizado, así como el tipo de victimización experimentada, puede proporcionar información empírica valiosa tanto para el planteamiento de mecanismos explicativos diferenciales como para el diseño de estrategias de prevención e intervención adaptadas a las necesidades de este perfil.

Profile of the Victimized Aggressor in Child-to-Parent Violence: Differences According to the Type of Victimization / Perfil del agresor victimizado en la violencia filio-parental: diferencias según el tipo de victimización

ResumenAntecedentes/Objetivo: Uno de los principales predictores de la violencia filio-parental (VFP) es la victimización infantil. Investigaciones recientes señalan la necesidad de estu-diar diferentes tipos de agresores en la VFP. Sin embargo, todavía no se han analizado las características distintivas del perfil del agresor victimizado y si estas características tam-bién difieren según el tipo de victimización. Se examinaron diferencias entre cuatro tipos de agresores de VFP: con victimización familiar, con victimización escolar, con polivicti-mización y sin experiencias de victimización. Método: Participaron 1.559 adolescentes españoles con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 18 años. Resultados: El agresor victimiza-do, respecto al no victimizado, ejerce más VFP reactiva e instrumental, muestra un apego parental más inseguro y menos habilidades emocionales y de afrontamiento. Por tipos de victimización, los agresores polivictimizados muestran peor ajuste respecto a aquellos con un único tipo de victimización. Se encuentran diferencias significativas se-gún el género de los agresores; sin embargo, el efecto de interacción entre el tipo de agresor y el género no fue significativo. Conclusiones: Considerar en la VFP el perfil del agresor victimizado, así como el tipo de victimización experimentada, puede proporcio-nar información empírica valiosa, tanto para el planteamiento de mecanismos explicati-vos diferenciales como para el diseño de estrategias de prevención e intervención adap-tadas a las necesidades de este perfil.

AbstractBackground/Objective: One of the main predictors of child-to-parent violence (CPV) is childhood victimization. Recent research indicates the need to study different types of CPV aggressors. However, the distinctive characteristics of the profile of the victimized aggressor and whether these characteristics differ according to the type of victimization have not been yet analyzed. Were examined differences between four types of CPV ag-gressors: with family victimization, with school victimization, with polyvictimization, and without victimization experiences. Method: A total of 1,559 Spanish adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years participated. Results: Compared to nonvictimized aggres-sors, victimized aggressors generally exercise more reactive and instrumental CPV and show more insecure parental attachment and less emotional and coping competencies. Additionally, among the types of victimization, polyvictimized aggressors show worse adjustment compared to those with a unique type of victimization. There are also signi-ficant differences according to the gender of the aggressor; however, the interaction effect between the type of aggressor and gender is not significant. Conclusions: Conside-ring the profile of the victimized aggressor and the type of victimization experienced in CPV can provide valuable empirical information for the approach of differential explana-tory mechanisms and for the design of prevention and intervention strategies adapted to the needs of this profile.

CSI-SF: Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del inventario breve de estrategias de afrontamiento / CSI-SF: Psychometric properties of Spanish version of the coping strategies inventory - short form

Antecedentes/Objetivo: El estudio establece las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación española de la versión abreviada del Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento (CSI-SF) publicado por Addison et al. (2007). La prueba utiliza un modelo de dos ejes para clasificar las estrategias de afrontamiento (de compromiso y de evitación) y las categorías objetivas del afrontamiento (centrada en el problema y centrada en la emoción). Método: Participaron 940 personas (62.87% mujeres; 37.12% hombres) divididas en dos submuestras. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), así mismo la correlación de Pearson y el Alfa de Cronbach para examinar la fiabilidad y validez de la adaptación al español del CSI-SF. Resultados: El análisis de consistencia interna reveló una alta fiabilidad para todas las escalas (EFE = .890, PFE = .836. PFD = .767, EFD = .934), y todos los índices de ajuste utilizados para examinar el CSI-SF versión española proporcionaron soporte para su uso como una medida adecuada de las estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés. Discusión/Conclusión: La escala CSI-SF versión española es una prueba que proporciona un diagnóstico rápido y eficiente cuyos factores explican el 62.79% de la varianza común total de las estrategias de afrontamiento que se emplean frente a la situación de estrés en distintos ámbitos.(AU)

Background / Objective: The study establishes the psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation of the abbreviated version of the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI-SF) published by Addison et al. (2007). The test uses a two-axis model to classify coping strategies (commitment and avoidance) and objective categories of coping (problem-focused and emotion-focused). Method: 940 people participated (62.87% women; 37.12% men) aged between 18 and 66 years (x̄= 33.2; dt = 12.01). An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were carried out, as well as Pearson's correlation and Cronbach's Alpha to examine the reliability and validity of the Spanish adaptation of the CSI-SF. Results: Internal consistency analysis revealed high reliability for all scales, and all adjustment indexes used to examine the CSI-SF Spanish version provided support for its use as an adequate measure of stress coping strategies. Discussion/Conclusions: The CSI-SF scale Spanish version is a test that provides a quick and efficient diagnosis of the coping strategies used in the face of stress in different settings.

Psychometric evaluations of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), based on nine samples.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The LOT-R was administered in five clinical samples, three samples of the adult general population, and one sample of adolescents. Seven of the studies were performed in Germany and two in Colombia. All of the sample sizes were above 300. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha coefficients were between .57 and .75 for the eight adult samples, the correlations between the scales optimism and pessimism ranged from -.05 to -.37, and the coefficients of temporal stability (test-retest correlations) of the scales ranged from .43 to .69. There were no systematic age and gender effects observed in the nine studies. While the one-factor model of confirmatory factor analyses showed clearly insufficient fit indices among all of the samples, the two-factor model fit was markedly better. CONCLUSIONS: The LOT-R proved to be a suitable instrument for measuring dispositional optimism in patients and in the general population, though the sum score should be viewed with caution. Studies comparing the LOT-R mean scores of different samples need not take age and gender distributions into account.

Treatment alliance and needs of care concerning religiousness and spirituality: A follow-up study among psychiatric inpatients.

BACKGROUND: Patient satisfaction with religious/spiritual (R/S) care during mental health treatment has been associated with a better treatment alliance. AIMS: To investigate the longitudinal relations between (un)met R/S care needs and treatment alliance/compliance over a 6-month period. METHOD: 201 patients in a Christian (CC) and a secular mental health clinic completed a questionnaire (T0) containing an R/S care needs questionnaire, the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) and the Service Engagement Scale (SES). After 6 months 136 of them took part in a follow-up (T1). Associations were analysed using hybrid linear mixed models and structural equation modelling. RESULTS: R/S care needs decreased over time, but a similar percentage remained unanswered (e.g. 67% of the needs on R/S conversations in a secular setting). Over a 6-month period, met R/S care needs were associated with a higher WAI score (ß = .25; p < .001), and unmet R/S care needs with lower WAI score (ß = -.36; p < .001), which were mainly between subjects effects. Patients reporting a high score of unmet R/S care at baseline, reported a decrease in SES over time (ß = -.13; p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Satisfaction with R/S care among mental health patients is related to a better treatment alliance. When unmet R/S care needs persist, they precede a decrease in treatment compliance. Mental health professionals are recommended to assess the presence of R/S care needs and consider possibilities of R/S care especially in the first weeks of treatment.

Spanish Consortium for Ageing Normative Data (SCAND): Semantic Verbal Fluency Tests.

OBJECTIVE: Semantic verbal fluency constitutes a good candidate for identifying cognitive impairment. This paper offers normative data of different semantic verbal fluency tests for middle-aged and older adults natives from Spain considering sociodemographic factors, and different measures for each specific category (number of words produced, errors, and words evoked every 15 s). METHOD: Two thousand and eighty-eight cognitively unimpaired subjects aged between 50 and 89 years old, community dwelling, participated in the study. The statistical procedure includes the conversion of percentile ranges into scalar scores. Secondly, the effects of age, education and gender were verified. Linear regressions are used to calculate the scalar adjusted scores. RESULTS: Scalar scores and percentiles corresponding to all semantic verbal fluency tests across different measures are shown. Additional tables, which show the points that must be added or subtracted from direct scores, are provided for Education regarding the total number of "animals" and "clothes" evoked by participants, as well as for Age and Education in case of the total number of "clothes". Gender affects the number of "clothes" produced by participants in the first two 15-second segments. CONCLUSIONS: The current norms should provide clinically useful data for evaluating Spanish-speaking natives from Spain aged from 50 to 89 years.

Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Chinese College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study.

A longitudinal assessment of the prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and risk factors is indispensable for further prevention and/or treatment. The longitudinal web-based survey enrolled 1,164 college students in China. Measured at two time points (February and August 2020), PTSS, demographic information, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), resilience and self-compassion information were collected to explicate the prevalence and predictors of PTSS concurrently and over time. Results showed that although PTSS generally declined throughout the 6 months after the outbreak of COVID-19, the prevalence remained relatively high. Resilience and self-compassion negatively predicted PTSS concurrently and longitudinally. While subjective family socioeconomic status (SES) and ACEs at Wave 1 did not predict PTSS under COVID-19 at Wave 1, but both significantly predicted PTSS at Wave 2. Findings implicate potential targets for detecting and intervening on symptoms of trauma in this vulnerable population.

Air Pollution and Adolescent Development: Evidence from a 3-Year Longitudinal Study in China.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of air pollution on the development of adolescents and the mediating role of students' emotional disorders. Participants came from a longitudinal sample group of adolescents (n = 1301) in Southern China from the years 2016 to 2018. They were assessed for the Positive Youth Development and emotional disorders, and air pollution was measured by the Air Quality Index. The results show that students' higher degree of exposure to air pollution was negatively associated with their positive development. Three out of four emotional disorders (i.e., anxiety, neuroticism, and withdrawal) mediate this association. The results suggest that the physical environment can have a paramount influence on the emotional status and overall development of adolescents, calling for intervention programs by policymakers.

Changes in PTSD, depression, and generalized anxiety before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland.

BACKGROUND: : In this study, we compared the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic across nationally representative samples of Irish adults. METHODS: : Participants were sampled in February 2019 (N = 1,020), April 2020 (N = 1,041), May 2020 (N = 1,032), and December 2020 (N = 1,100) using the same self-report measures. RESULTS: : The prevalence of PTSD significantly increased from 12.5% in 2019 to 18.0% in April 2020, to 22.0% in May, and returning to 17.6% in December 2020. PTSD increases were most consistently observed in males, those aged 18-34 years, those without a university qualification, and those living in the Leinster region of Ireland, where the capital city of Dublin is located. There were no significant changes in the prevalence of depression or GAD. LIMITATIONS: : The 2020 samples were not completely independent of one another and while the analysis took this into account, this bias cannot be completely removed. CONCLUSIONS: : These findings show an increase in PTSD during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period and suggest specificity in mental health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Mediating Role of Resilience in the Relationship between Perceived Stress and Mental Health.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created great uncertainty around the world, and due to the pandemic, nurses have been exposed to an increase in highly stressful clinical situations. This study examines the relationships between perceived stress and emotional disorders among nurses who have provided direct patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic and explores the mediating role of resilience in these relationships. In an online cross-sectional design, we asked Spanish nurses (N = 214) to complete self-reported scales, and we performed correlation and mediation analyses between perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale, PSS-4), resilience (Wagnild Resilience Scale, RS-14), wellbeing (World Health Organization Wellbeing Index, five items, WHO-5), anxiety (PHQ-2) and depression (GAD-2). The nurses self-reported moderate levels of perceived stress, considerable psychological distress and high resilience. We found resilience to be significantly negatively correlated with the reported levels of perceived stress, anxiety and depression (p < 0.001). The mediating analysis revealed that resilience played a protective role in the direct relationships of stress with depression, anxiety, and psychological distress. To conclude, our findings supported the hypothesis that resilience mediated the relationship between stress and mental health.

Impact of COVID-19 on psychological wellbeing / Impacto del COVID-19 sobre el bienestar psicológico

This cross-sectional study aims to record post-traumatic stress (PTS) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) of the general population of China during the first wave of COVID-19 spread. Method: An online survey was distributed in China during February and March 2020 to record the general population's PTS (using the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version, PCL-C) and PTG (using the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, PTGI) due to COVID-19. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFAs) and a Two-Part Model (TPM) of regression analysis were conducted. Results: In total, 29,118 Chinese participants completed the survey (54.20% were in their 20s, 68% were males, and 60.30% had a university education). CFA results illustrated that bifactor models described the Chinese psychometric traits of PTS and PTG over the default models. Results of TPM suggested that female, low-educated, and middle-aged individuals were more vulnerable to PTS. Remarkably, mutual and positive correlations between the PTS and the PTG, though small in statistics, were observed through regression analyses. Conclusions: The current results presented new best-fit structural models, potential predictors, and valuable baseline information on the PTS and the PTG of the Chinese population in the context of COVID-19. (AU)

Este estudio transversal se realizó para registrar el estrés postraumático (EPT) y el crecimiento de estrés postraumático (CPT) de la población general de China durante la primera ola de la extensión del COVID-19. Método: Se realizó una encuesta en línea en China durante febrero y marzo del año 2020 para registrar EPT de la población (utilizando el Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version, PCL-C) y CPT (utilizando el Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, PTGI). Se llevaron a cabo Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) y Modelo de Dos Partes (MDP) de análisis de regresión. Resultados: En total, 29.118 chinos completaron la encuesta (54,2% de ellos tenían 20~29 años, 68,0% eran hombres, y 60,3% tenían una Educación Universitaria). Los resultados de AFC ilustraron que los modelos de bifactoriales eran mejores para descubrir los rasgos psicométricos de EPT y CPT de los participantes chinos que los modelos predeterminados. Los resultados de MDP sugirieron que las mujeres, las personas con bajo nivel educativo y de mediana edad eran más vulnerables a EPT. Se observaron correlaciones mutuas y positivas entre EPT y CPT, aunque pequeñas. Conclusiones: Los resultados actuales presentaron nuevos modelos estructurales de mejor ajuste, predictores potenciales e información de referencia valiosa de EPT y CPT de la población China en el contexto de COVID-19. (AU)

Do patients suffering from chronic diseases retrospectively overestimate how healthy they were before they fell ill? / Pacientes que sufren enfermedades crónicas: ¿sobreestiman qué tan saludables eran antes de enfermar?

Background/Objective: To examine the impact of a disease on a person's subjective health state, patients are often asked to assess their current health state and to retrospectively assess how healthy they were before they fell ill. The objective of this study was to test whether patients generally overestimated the quality of their pre-disease health. Method: Six samples of patients with chronic diseases (cancer patients, cardiovascular patients, and patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis, N between 197 and 1,197) were analyzed. The patients assessed their current health states and their health states at the time before diagnosis. The retrospective scores were compared with matched data from general population studies. Results: In three of the six studies, the retrospective health ratings of the patients were significantly higher than the general population norms (effect sizes between 0.24 and 0.46), two studies yielded nonsignificant effects, and in one study there was an opposite trend. The general overestimation of pre-disease health was more pronounced in older patients as compared with younger ones, and it was more pronounced when global health/quality of life was to be assessed. Conclusions: Retrospective assessments of pre-disease health states are not appropriate for assessing disease-related changes in a person's health state. (AU)

Antecedentes/Objetivo: Cuando se quiere examinar el impacto de una enfermedad en la percepción de salud de una persona se pide a la misma evaluar su estado actual y retrospectivamente evaluar también como era su salud antes de enfermar. El objetivo de este estudio era comprobar si los pacientes generalmente sobreestiman la calidad de su salud pre-enfermedad. Método: Seis muestras de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas (pacientes con cáncer, enfermedad cardiovascular y sarcoidosis, n entre 197 y 1.197) fueron analizadas. Los pacientes evaluaron su estado de salud actual y su estado de salud antes del diagnóstico. Los puntajes retrospectivos fueron comparados con datos pareados de estudios con la población general. Resultados: En tres de los seis estudios los puntajes retrospectivos de salud de los pacientes fueron significativamente más altos que la norma poblacional (tamaños del efecto entre 0,24 y 0,26), dos estudios mostraron efectos no significativos y uno de los estudios mostró la tendencia opuesta. La sobreestimación de la salud fue más pronunciada en pacientes mayores comparados con pacientes jóvenes. Conclusiones: Las evaluaciones retrospectivas de estados de salud pre-enfermedad no son apropiadas para evaluar cambios relacionados con la enfermedad en el estado de salud de una persona. (AU)

Mental health problems among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19: The importance of nutrition and physical activity / Problemas de salud mental en adolescentes chinos durante el COVID-19: importancia de la nutrición y la actividad física

Mental health problems are common among adolescents and greatly influenced by stressful events. This study sought to assess the prevalence and correlates of insomnia, depressive and anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19. Method: Cross-sectional study (N = 1,794 adolescents, mean age = 15.26) was conducted in May 2020. An online survey was used to collect socio-demographic data, COVID-related fear (COVID-fear), nutrition, physical activity (PA) level and the symptoms of insomnia, depression and anxiety. Results: The prevalence of insomnia, depressive and anxiety symptoms was 37.80%, 48.20% and 36.70%, respectively, among Chinese adolescents during the pandemic. Generalized linear models revealed that female, left behind children, and students with greater COVID-fear tended to report symptoms of insomnia, depression and anxiety concurrently. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors and COVID-fear, better nutritional status and moderately active PA were both associated with lower levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms, while highly active PA was associated with lower levels of insomnia, depressive and anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: These findings suggest that more attention should be paid to psychological health among adolescents while combating COVID-19. To promote adolescents’ mental health, educators should help adolescents develop a healthy lifestyle with balanced diet and regular exercise. (AU)

Los problemas de salud mental son comunes en adolescentes y están influenciados por eventos estresantes. Se evaluó prevalencia y correlatos de síntomas de insomnio, depresión y ansiedad en adolescentes chinos durante el COVID-19. Método: En mayo de 2020 se realizó un estudio transversal (N = 1.794 adolescentes, edad media = 15,26) mediante una encuesta en línea para recopilar datos sociodemográficos, miedo relacionado con COVID-19, nutrición, actividad física (AF) y síntomas de insomnio, depresión y ansiedad. Resultados: La prevalencia de síntomas de insomnio, depresión y ansiedad fue del 37,80%, 48,20% y 36,70%, respectivamente. Modelos lineales generalizados revelaron que mujeres, niños abandonados y estudiantes con más miedo al COVID-19 tendían a informar síntomas de insomnio, depresión y ansiedad simultaneamente. Después de ajustar los factores sociodemográficos y el miedo al COVID-19, mejor estado nutricional y AF moderadamente activa se asociaron con niveles más bajos de síntomas de depresión y ansiedad, mientras que AF muy activa se asoció con niveles más bajos de insomnio, síntomas depresivos y de ansiedad. Conclusiones: Se debe prestar más atención a la salud psicológica de los adolescentes mientras se combate el COVID-19. Para promover su salud mental, los educadores deben ayudarles a desarrollar un estilo de vida saludable con una dieta equilibrada y ejercicio regular. (AU)